题型技巧讲解——翻译

一、新大纲解析

翻译

原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字；六级长度为180-200个汉字。

本题改革前难度系数0.89，改革后难度系数0.95。

二、英汉语言对比

1. 形合与意合

听到这消息，他满眼是泪。

When he heard the news, his eyes were filled with tears.

I bought six pens which cost me thirty yuan. When I took them back home, I found they were second hand.

汉译英的时候，要把隐性的逻辑关系显性化；需要增补的要增补出来。

我买了六支钢笔，一共三十元。拿回家一看，都是用过的。

对汉语的处理或变换：我买了六支钢笔，（这六支钢笔）一共三十元。（当我）拿回家一看，（我发现钢笔）都是用过的。

I bought six pens which cost me thirty yuan. When I took them back home, I found they were second hand.

2. 主语与话题

SV      主语+不及物动词      The river runs

SVC     主语+系动词+表语     He looks strong.

SVO     主语+谓语+宾语       He painted a picture

SVOO    主语+谓语+双宾语     He gave me a medical handbook

SVOC    主语+谓语+复合宾语   They made him their team leader.

翻译不是word to word 而是 notion to notion 。

食堂今天吃饺子。

Jiaozi are served in the canteen today.

开汽车没有方向盘不行。

You can’t turn a car without the wheel.

3. 被动与主动

1931：我也许是太自私了，也许是被别的东西迷住了眼睛。

1957：我也许太自私了，也许是别的东西迷了我的眼睛。

1931：上身的衣服完全被打湿了。

1967：上身的衣服完全打湿了。

三、汉英翻译技巧

1. 词汇层面的处理

选词：瞻前顾后，即在上下文中的意思；得意忘形，即得到意思，忘记形式。

问题是到哪儿去找答案。

The problem is where to find the answer.

科学家必须知道怎样运用数学以求得问题的答案。

It is necessary that a scientist know how to use mathematics to get an answer to his question.

你做什么没关系，重要的问题是你怎么做。

What you do does not matter. The important thing is how you do it.

我阅读了关于那些问题的著作。

I have read books about these subjects.

I have referred to works dealing with those subjects.

你会听到到处都在讨论这个问题。

You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.

那台机器出问题了。

Something is wrong with that machine.

一路上没出问题。

The trip went off without mishap.

2、修饰成分的语序

（1）定语的位置

这是目前唯一可行的办法。

That is the only thing to do now.

这些是我们面对的主要问题。

Those are the chief problems facing us.

得到最高分数的学生将获得奖学金。

The student who receives the highest score will be awarded a scholarship.

 （2 ）定语的次序

在汉语中，几个定语连用的时候，习惯上把最能表明事物本质的放在最前面，距离中心词较远；英语则相反，越能表明事物基本性质的定语，越要靠近中心词。

A、表示物理性质的词距中心词较远，表化学性质的词距中心词较近。

氢是一种能自然的轻气体。

Hydrogen is a light and spontaneously combustible gas.

表示产地的较远，表示原材料的较近。

这是特级的，有图案的国产毛毯。

This is a homemade, superfine, patterned woolen blanket.

B、表示时间概念的词较远。

一个白发苍苍的老教授。

an old and white-haired professor

国际经济新秩序

a new international economic order

数词较远，表性质的词较近。

50名可爱的孩子

the fifty lovely children

C、表次要性质的词较远，主要性质的较近

医学上的重大发明

the great medical invention

难分主次的，短单词在前，长的在后

勤劳勇敢的中国人民

the brave hard-working Chinese people

（3）状语的位置

英汉副词的位置大体一致，但英语中，状语的位置十分灵活，有些情况下需要调整。在汉语中，表示时间、地点、原因、条件、比较、关涉对象等状语的语序与英语往往一致，通常置于句首。

我是去年在北京遇见他的。

I met him in Beijing last year.

从杭州坐旅游车 向西南走大约3小时左右，可以到达一个叫瑶林的旅游胜地。

There is a tourist attraction called YaoLin which you can reach in about 3 hours by going southwest by tourist bus from Hangzhou. （“镜像对称”）

3. 被动语态的翻译

形式主动、意义被动的句子

困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。

The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been done and the problem solved.

文章总算写完了。

The article has finally been finished.

“是+动词+的”的判断句。 

语言是在实践中逐渐形成的。

Language has been formed in practice.

地基是石头砌成的，墙壁则是砖头垒起的。

The foundation is mad of stones and the wall of bricks.

汉语的无主句、泛指主语句等

外面下雨了。

It’s raining.

据说这个事故跟他有关。

It is said he is involved in this accident.

4. 倒装结构的翻译

部分倒装的具体用法

句首是否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，常用部分倒装。

Not a single book he read that month.

Under no circumstances shall we cancel the party.

常用于这一结构的词或短语有：

at no / other time, by no means,

under no circumstances, hardly, scarcely, seldom,

in no way, in vain, little, never, rarely, few,

no sooner…than, hardly…when, nowhere, not until,

not only…but also, not a single word, not frequently

句首是 only 引导的状语时, 需要部分倒装。

Only in this way can we solve the problem.

常用短语还有：

only by chance, only then, only with difficulty, only on a rare occasion 等等。

四、新大纲样题和译文

剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。

剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一 。

Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts.

中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。

Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。

People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.

特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。

During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere.

剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。

The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity.

中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。

 Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.

五、复习方法：

英汉对译

1、看中文，自己翻译英文，

2、对比标准答案，

3、主句对照，一一对比，